Cambridge

Cambridge, the county town of Cambridgeshire, lies on the winding Cam, 58 miles N. by E. of London, and 76 NE. of Oxford. The town owes its existence to the fact that the hills on each side of the valley of the Cam approach one another in such a way as to make this the most suitable point for crossing the fens. Two important Roman roads, Akeman Street and the Via Devana, here cross the valley of the Cam, and were guarded by the station Camboritum, the outlines of which can still be clearly traced on the north side of the river. In its centre is the partly artificial mound, now known as Castle Hill, which is probably a relic of a yet older British city. See Babington, Ancient Cambridgeshire (1883).

The Saxon town of Grantabrygge occupied the site of Camboritum, and it was here that the Norman castle was built. It is conjectured that the displacement of the inhabitants recorded to have taken place when the castle was built, led to the establishment of a town on the present site, on the south side of the Cam, where St Benedict's tower (see below) seems to indicate that there was a village at any rate in existence. Cambridge was a town of some importance from the Norman conquest onwards, but from the 13th century its history has been merged in that of the university.

The town, as distinguished from the university, has not many features of interest. It possesses a guildhall, corn exchange, free public library, and gaol. There is also a fine county hospital founded under the will of Dr Addenbrooke in 1743, and an extensive recreation ground named Parker's Piece. Amongst the older churches, the most interesting are St Benedict's and the church of the Holy Sepulchre. St Benedict's (or St Benets) has a tower which is a fine specimen of the so-called Saxon architecture, with 'long and short' work, and is probably the oldest building now standing in the town. The church of the Holy Sepulchre is the oldest of the four round churches in England (see TEMPLE), having been built in 1101 in imitation of the church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. It was restored by the Camden Society in 1841. The parish church of Great St Mary's is also the church of the university, at which all academic services are held. In 1887 there was built a large and handsome Roman Catholic church, dedicated to 'Our Lady and the English Martyrs.' The country round Cambridge is somewhat flat and dull; but on the west side the grounds known as 'the Backs' of the colleges are very beautiful, consisting of gardens, meadows, and avenues. The Cam flows through them, and is crossed by nine bridges. Above Cambridge the Cam is a small but picturesque stream. Below Cambridge it is dull and ugly, but is used for boat-racing. On account of the narrowness of the river only 'bumping races' can be rowed (see ROWING). Since 1885 the borough of Cambridge has sent one member to parliament, instead of two as formerly. Pop. (1851) 27,815; (1871) 30,078; (1881) 40,878; (1891) 44,337, of whom 36,983 were within the boundaries of the municipal borough.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE is one of the two ancient institutions of the kind existing in England. Authentic records relating to the origin of a university at Cambridge are entirely wanting, and their place has been supplied by fables. But overlooking the various legendary accounts of its origin, it is probable that the true history of the university begins in the 12th century. (On the beginnings of the university system in Europe, see UNIVERSITIES.) Certain writs of Henry III., of 1231, are the earliest record of an attempt to introduce discipline amongst the students attending the lectures. It was about this time that the students, who had previously lived each in his own lodging at his own charges, began to live together in hostels under the rule of a principal. These hostels were named after the saints to whom they were dedicated, the churches which they adjoined, or the persons who built or formerly possessed them. In the year 1280 there were as many as 27, and some of them contained from 20 to 40 masters of arts, and a proportionate number of younger students; but all these hostels decayed by degrees when endowed colleges began to appear. Some were absorbed by the colleges, and some ceased to exist. Trinity hostel survived all the rest, and continued till 1540.

A college is an incorporated body of teachers and students enjoying the benefactions of a generous founder. Peterhouse, the oldest college in the university, was founded in 1286; and it was between the middle of the 13th and the close of the 16th century that, with one exception, all those royal and religious foundations were endowed which superseded the hostels and now constitute the university. It is by the possession of the college system that the sister universities of Oxford and Cambridge are distinguished from those of Scotland and the Continent.

The colleges were to a large extent modelled on the pattern of the monasteries. In some instances the colleges were united with 'religious houses' already existing, as in the case of Magdalen College at Oxford, and Emmanuel College at Cambridge. Hence arose some of the peculiarities of the college-system, which survived till a very recent date. To this cause is to be traced the condition of celibacy, upon which, with few exceptions, the fellowships were formerly tenable. The final abolition of restrictions as to marriage and as to holy orders (except in the case of offices with clerical functions) took place in 1881, when new statutes were issued by the Cambridge commissioners under the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1877. These statutes take the place of those confirmed by the Queen in council in 1858.

The endowment of university professorships dates from the 16th century. In 1502, Lady Margaret, mother of Henry VII., founded the Lady Margaret professorship of Divinity. Henry VIII. in 1540 founded the five regius professorships of Divinity, Civil Law, Physic, Hebrew, and Greek. The earliest mathematical professorship was that founded by Henry Lucas in 1663. The university has 35 professors, increased to 40 by the statutes of 1881, in addition to readers, demonstrators, and assistants.

Cambridge was frequently visited by the plague, and university proceedings were suspended by it in 1642 and 1666. In the civil wars the university took the part of the king, and most of the colleges sent their plate to him at Nottingham. Cromwell occupied the town in 1643, and the most eminent loyalists were expelled from the university.

During the last half-century the university has been reformed to meet modern needs, both by external authority and upon its own motions.

Religious tests have been abolished, the field of study has been widened, non-collegiate students (see below) have been admitted, and the examinations have been thrown open to women.

In order to understand the constitution and organisation of the university, it is necessary to bear in mind the fundamental distinction between the university and the colleges, due to the historical conditions of their respective origins. The governing body of the university is the senate, which is composed of persons of the standing of Masters of Arts. The matters of which the senate has cognisance are the management of the property of the university, the courses of study and examinations to be pursued by those who seek a degree, and public discipline and morals. But all proposals submitted to the senate must be approved by the council—a body elected by the resident members of senate. After the Chancellor and High-steward, the chief executive power is vested in the Vice-chancellor, who is elected annually from among the heads of colleges, but in practice holds office for two years. The Public Orator is the voice of the senate upon public occasions. The Proctors superintend the discipline and morals of all persons in statu pumilari; they are present at all congregations of the senate, read the 'graces,' and take the votes. The Registrar is responsible for the graces being offered in due form, and has charge of the university records. There are three terms in this university—the Michaelmas or October term, the Lent term, and the Easter term. To take an ordinary B.A. degree, a student must reside nine terms. The M.A. degree follows, without examination, about four years after. Dissenters are not now excluded from taking degrees, except in divinity. The university sends two members to parliament, who are elected by the senate.

Each college is governed by its Master and Fellows, or by the Master and Council, a select committee of the fellows. When questions arise as to the interpretation of the statutes, they are referred to the Visitor of the college. The college officers concerned with questions of discipline are the dean and tutor. The Tutor of the college is in loco parentis to his pupils; the Dean has the oversight of 'religion and morals.'

With respect to the admission of students, their university course, expenses, and proceedings in degrees, the following information may be useful: There are five classes of students—viz. Fellow Commoners and Noblemen, Scholars, Pensioners, Sizars and Sub-sizars, and Non-collegiate Students. The first class (now almost obsolete) are so called from their dining at the Fellows' table; they wear silk or embroidered gowns, and pay heavier fees. The Scholars are members of the foundation, and are elected, after examination, from the pensioners and sizars, or from students who have not yet begun residence. The Pensioners are the great body of students, are not on the foundation, and pay for their own commons—viz. dinners in hall, &c., and for their rooms. The Sizars are poorer students, selected, however, by examination, who receive free commons and certain money payments, are admitted at lower charges than the pensioners, but wear the same dress, and are no longer subject to the performance of menial offices as they once were. Some of the colleges, especially St John's and Trinity, have very liberal endowments for the sizars, and very considerable pecuniary assistance is given to the more deserving of them. Non-collegiate students are not members of any college, but are entitled to the privileges of members of the university, and are placed under the charge of the Censor of non-collegiate students. The system of non-collegiate students dates from 1869. The usual age of admission is from 17 to 20. Before a student can be admitted, he must at nearly all the larger colleges pass an elementary entrance examination. Where there is no entrance examination, the student is required to furnish satisfactory evidence that he is qualified for admission. It is also necessary to deposit a certain sum of money (£15 in the case of the pensioners) with the tutor of the college as caution money. The Fellows are elected from the students who have distinguished themselves in the Tripos examinations, or in a special fellowship examination. Vacancies are, as a rule, filled up from members of the college, but fellowships are sometimes open to the competition of the whole university. Fellowships vary greatly as to value and conditions of tenure at the different colleges. The stipend, which can seldom exceed £250 per annum, has in many instances been seriously reduced through agricultural depression. Under the statutes of 1881, restrictions as to marriage and holy orders are done away with, and the length of tenure is limited to six years. The last regulation does not apply to fellows holding a university or college office.

About half of the total number of undergraduates have rooms in college; the remainder reside in lodgings, but under the same rules as to discipline. Residence is usually commenced in the October term. The undergraduate in his first year of residence is called a 'Freshman;' in his second year, a 'Junior Soph;' in his third year, a 'Senior Soph.' The Ordinary B.A., or Bachelor of Arts degree, may be taken in the ninth term of residence—viz. in the third June after coming up. The examinations required are: (1) The Previous Examination, or 'Little-go' (usually taken in the first or third term of residence), the subjects for which are a gospel in Greek, a Greek classic, a Latin classic, Greek and Latin Grammar, unprepared passages of Latin to be translated; Paley's Evidences of Christianity; Euclid, i. ii. iii., parts of v. and vi.; Arithmetic and Elementary Algebra. Those who wish may substitute a Greek classic and logic for the Greek gospel and Paley. (2) The General Examination in more advanced Classics and Mathematics. (3) A Special Examination in one of the following subjects: Theology, Logic and Political Economy, Law and Modern History, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Geology, Applied Science, Music. Candidates for Honours have to pass certain additional mathematical subjects in their 'Little-go,' and then have no further examination till the 'Tripos.' Honours may be taken in any of the following Triposes: Mathematics, Classics, Moral Sciences, Natural Sciences, Theology, Law, History, Semitic Languages, Indian Languages, Medieval and Modern Languages. The lists of the Mathematical Tripos have been preserved since 1747; the Classical was established in 1824; the others are more recent. Previous to 1851, candidates for classical honours must first have obtained a place in the Mathematical Tripos. The system upon which the Mathematical and Classical Triposes are conducted dates from 1882, though the regulations for the Mathematical Tripos have been somewhat modified since that year. The Mathematical Tripos is divided into two parts. The first part takes place in the May at the close of the third year, or ninth term of residence, and the successful candidates are arranged in three classes called Wranglers (q.v.), Senior Optimes, and Junior Optimes, the members of each class being also placed in order of merit. Only those who have obtained honours in the first part may proceed to the second part of the examination in the following May. The subjects for this part are divided into eight divisions, excellence in any two of which entitles to the highest honours. According to their success in this examination, the candidates will be re-arranged in three classes, each class containing one or more divisions, the names in each division being, however, in alphabetical order. The Classical Tripes consists of two parts—the first in general classical scholarship, and taking place at the end either of the second or of the third year of residence; the other at the end either of the third or of the fourth year, and including, besides a further examination in pure classics obligatory on all candidates, a special knowledge of one or two, but not more than two, of the following subjects: Ancient Philosophy, History, Archaeology, Philology. The successful candidates in each part are arranged in three classes. In the first part, the examiners may indicate differences of merit within the classes by subdividing the classes into divisions; in the second part the names are given in alphabetical order, the subjects being indicated in which the student has specially distinguished himself. The Natural and Moral Sciences Tripes, the Theological Tripes, and (after 1889) the Law Tripes are also divided into two parts, a general and a special. The Mathematical and Classical Tripes were formerly followed by examinations for the Smith's Prizes for Mathematics and the Chancellor's classical medal. The former are now awarded for the best dissertation on a mathematical subject, the latter by an examination in the student's ninth term.

The whole business of the university was originally transacted in the most easterly of the two quadrangles that now compose the Library. In 1722 the Senate-house was built, and the old Regent-house, which occupied the first floor of the north side of the quadrangle, was thus added to the Library. The continual need of the Library for increased space has led to large additions from time to time. In 1887 the important work was begun of completing the westernmost of the two quadrangles forming this block of buildings. The Library now contains more than 400,000 volumes and MSS. Under the Copyright Acts it enjoys the right of receiving a copy of every book published in the country. It is distinguished among the great libraries of Europe for the freedom of access to the shelves permitted to readers. The chief treasure amongst the MSS. is the 'Codex Bezae,' or 'Cantabrigiensis,' presented to the university by Theodore Beza in 1581. This is a copy of the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles of about 500 A.D., with the Greek and Latin versions written on opposite pages.

The Senate-house, which stands in a conspicuous position facing St Mary's Church, is used for congregations of the senate, for the giving of degrees, for university examinations, and for other purposes of a like character.

The Fitzwilliam Museum is the finest of the modern additions to the university. Viscount Fitzwilliam bequeathed in 1816 £100,000 New South-sea Annuities, the interest of which was to build and support a museum. He left also a very valuable collection of books, paintings, prints, &c. G. Basevi was the architect, but died before the building was completed. Near the Fitzwilliam Museum is the Fitzwilliam Museum of Archaeology, which contains the best collection of casts from the antique in Britain, and also the collections of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. The Pitt Press is a church-like structure, built in honour of Mr Pitt in 1831. It contains a part of the university printing-offices, and the Registry of the university. The Observatory, which is situated about a mile from Cambridge, contains some very fine instruments, amongst which is a large equatorial telescope presented by the Duke of Northumberland in 1835. The Geological

Museum contains the original collection of Dr Woodward, which out of respect to the founder has been preserved unmixed with the more recent additions to the museum. The large group of buildings known as 'The Museums and Lecture Rooms' is devoted to the study of natural science. The most important departments are: (1) The Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy; (2) the Mineralogical Museum; (3) the Chemical Laboratory; (4) the Cavendish Laboratory of Experimental Physics, the munificent gift of the Duke of Devonshire, chancellor of the university.

A particular notice of each college will be found below in its alphabetical place. The following is a list of the colleges in the order of their antiquity, the figures being for 1894:

AYERST HALL is a hostel, founded in 1884, to provide an economical education for theological students and others.

ST CATHARINE'S COLLEGE, till lately called St Catharine's Hall, was founded by Robert Wode-larke, provost of King's College, in 1473. John Bradford the martyr, Archbishop Sandys, John Ray the naturalist, and two liberal benefactors to the town and university—William Worts and John Addenbrooke—belonged to this college. The present buildings were built in 1673–1704, the master's lodge being added in 1875.

[CAVENDISH COLLEGE, established in 1873 by an association, was opened in 1876, became a public hostel in 1882, but was closed in 1891. It was sold in 1893 to the Congregational Board of Education, for a preparatory educational institute under Congregationalist auspices.]

CHRIST'S COLLEGE was originally founded as a school by William Bynham in 1439, under the name of God's House. It was enlarged and re-founded under the name of Christ's College in 1505, by Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII. She was also the foundress of St John's College. The fellowships vary in number. Among the famous members of this college were Leland the antiquary, Hugh Latimer, John Milton, and his friend Edward King (Lycidas), Archdeacon Paley, and Charles Darwin. The buildings are substantially the same as those built by the foundress and her executors who carried out her plan, but they have been from time to time modernised, and now have an Italian character. The mulberry-tree in one of the courts, said to have been planted by Milton, is carefully preserved, and still bears fruit.

CLARE COLLEGE, founded 1326, under the name of University Hall, by Richard Badew, was re-founded in 1359 by Elizabeth, Countess of Clare. Richard III., pretending to be descended from the foundress, claimed the patronage of this hall. Chaucer calls this college 'Solere' Hall. The build- ings, which are in Jacobean style, are amongst the most pleasing in the university. The chapel was rebuilt in 1535, previous to which tradition alleges that an aisle of St Edward's Church, where the masters and fellows were anciently interred, was used for the purpose. But it can be proved that from the earliest times the college had a chapel of its own, as well as a part of the parish church. The college hall, rebuilt in 1693, is described by Steele (Spectator, No. 78). Tillotson, Cudworth, Whiston, and Nicholas Ferrar were members.

CORPUS CHRISTI, or BENET COLLEGE, was founded by two guilds of townspeople—the guild of Corpus Christi and the guild of the Blessed Virgin Mary. They had had separate halls, and respectively worshipped at the churches of St Benedict and St Mary. They united in 1352, and a small college was erected by them. Among the members have been Archbishops Parker and Tenison, and Sir Nicholas Bacon, Marlowe, Fletcher, Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, and the antiquary Richard Gough. The original buildings exist with little alteration, but many additions have been made. St Benedict's Church, the oldest in Cambridge (see page 666), was long used as the college chapel. In 1579 a chapel was built within the college, with a room over it to contain the very valuable library of books and MSS. left to the college by Archbishop Parker. In the event of a certain number of the MSS. being lost, the collection was to pass over to Caius College, and thence, under similar circumstances, to Trinity Hall. The MSS. are guarded with jealous care, and none have as yet been lost.

DOWNING COLLEGE.—Sir George Downing, who died in 1717, left estates to endow a college after the death of his immediate successors. It ought to have been founded in 1764, but owing to opposition and litigation, the charter was not obtained till 1800. The grounds are large, but the college is very small, and has been impoverished by agricultural depression.

EMMANUEL COLLEGE was founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay, on the site of a Dominican house which passed into private hands on the suppression of monasteries. John Harvard, the founder of Harvard University, belonged to Emmanuel; also Archbishop Sancroft, Sir William Temple, and Dr Samuel Parr. The present chapel was designed by Wren. There are good pictures in a gallery attached to the master's lodge, and valuable MSS. in the library.

GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE was founded in 1348, under the name of Gonville Hall, by Edmund Gonville. In 1353, William Bateman, his executor, moved it to the present site, and changed the name to the 'Hall of the Annunciation of Blessed Mary the Virgin.' In 1558 John Caius, M.D. (q.v.), refounded the hall under the name of Gonville and Caius. It is now usually called simply 'Caius' (pronounced Keys). The studentships were founded by C. Tancred, and are of the annual value of £100 each. On account of five Tancred medical studentships, this has always been the chief medical college of the university. Among the eminent members have been J. Caius, Harvey (discoverer of the circulation of the blood), Dr Wollaston, Jeremy Taylor, Sir J. Gresham, and Bishop Mackenzie. The buildings are large and handsome, and the parts erected by Dr Caius carefully planned for health and beauty. The large and picturesque gateway leading to the senate-house, called the Gate of Honour, was built from the designs of Caius after his death. In recent years large additions have been built to the college.

JESUS COLLEGE was founded by John Alcock, Bishop of Ely, in 1496. Henry VII. granted for the purpose the nunnery of St Radegund, which had fallen into decay. Among its members have been Archbishop Cranmer, Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and S. T. Coleridge. The old buildings are beautiful, especially the chapel, originally the church of the nunnery, but adapted by Alcock to the purposes of a college chapel. It was injured at the time of Cromwell's occupation of Cambridge in 1643, when a certain William Dowsing committed ravages on many of the college chapels. It was repaired at the Restoration, and was carefully restored (1846–49) under the direction of Pugin.

ST JOHN'S COLLEGE is derived from the oldest foundation in Cambridge, for it is on the site of a small hospital for the sick founded by Henry Frost in 1135, and dedicated to St John the Evangelist. It was under the management of Augustinian friars. Hugh de Balsham tried to attach his secular scholars to the religious foundation, but he was unable to secure harmony, and he therefore founded Peterhouse. In 1510 the hospital was converted into the college of St John the Evangelist, in accordance with the will of Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII., who also founded Christ's College and a professorship of Divinity. Henry VIII. appropriated to himself nearly all the estates left by his grandmother to the college, and gave it some smaller estates in compensation. St John's has, however, grown by numerous gifts, and is now second only to Trinity in size and wealth. Among the many eminent members of this college may be mentioned Roger Ascham, Lord Burleigh, Ben Jonson, Falkland, Fairfax, the Earl of Strafford, Matthew Prior, Herrick, Richard Bentley, William Wilberforce, William Wordsworth, Kirke White, and Lord Palmerston. The buildings are very picturesque, chiefly in Tudor and Jacobean styles. They lie on both sides of the river, which is crossed by a bridge somewhat resembling the Bridge of Sighs. A new chapel, designed by Sir G. G. Scott, was built at great expense, and opened in 1869. It is in the Early Decorated style, is richly adorned with marbles and carving, and has a lofty and massive tower. The library contains many valuable MSS., and specimens of early printing. There are interesting portraits in the hall and master's lodge.

KING'S COLLEGE was founded in 1441 by Henry VI. His first intention was to endow a small foundation, but he enlarged his plans and connected the college with Eton, from which the scholars were to be transferred, as in the case of Wykeham's colleges at Winchester and Oxford. The buildings were designed on a large scale, but only the chapel was built in accordance with the king's plan. It is the finest specimen in England of the Perpendicular style, and was not finished till about 1536. The fretted roof is a wonderful work of art, being made of great blocks of stone fitted together and balanced on the piers below. The painted glass is fine, and dates from the beginning of the 16th century, except the west window, which was finished in 1879. The other college buildings were originally on the north side of the chapel. The gateway which alone survives is now incorporated with the western quadrangle of the university library. The scholarships were formerly appropriated to scholars of Eton, and no examination was necessary to take a degree, but in 1853 students of King's were admitted to the Tripos examinations; 24 of the 46 scholarships have also been thrown open. These changes have had an admirable effect on the college, and it has greatly grown in size and influence. Pearson, Waller, Horace Walpole, and Walsingham were members.

MAGDALENE COLLEGE (pronounced Maudlin) was founded in 1542 by Lord Audley on the site of a hostel for Benedictine students, which had been established in 1428, and was given to Lord Audley at the suppression of monasteries. The appointment of the master is still in the hands of the possessor of Audley End as Lord Audley's representative. Among eminent members were Archbishops Grindal and Usher, and Samuel Pepys. Pepys left his library containing valuable books, pamphlets, and MSS. to the college, on condition it was kept intact and separate, and that it should pass to Trinity College if these conditions were broken. The buildings are old but not of special interest. The chapel, which was restored in 1847, is of uncertain date. The hall was built in 1519 by the Duke of Buckingham.

PEMBROKE COLLEGE was founded in 1348, by Mary de St Paul, widow of Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke. She was maid, wife, and widow in one day, her husband being slain at a tilting match held in honour of her nuptials. Among the members of the college were many bishops, including Andrewes, Ridley, and Wren; also the martyrs Bradley and Rogers; the poets Edmund Spenser (whose mulberry-tree still remains in the garden), Richard Crashaw, Thomas Gray, and William Mason; also William Pitt. The buildings are in part very old, but there has been much rebuilding and restoration in late years. The chapel was built by Bishop Wren, in accomplishment of a vow made by him when imprisoned in the Tower during the Commonwealth, and the architect was his nephew, Sir Christopher Wren.

ST PETER'S COLLEGE, or PETERHOUSE, founded as a hospital at an earlier date, was converted by Hugh de Balsham into an institution 'for studious scholars' in 1280-86. The present chapel was opened in 1632. Parts of Peterhouse are the oldest collegiate buildings in Cambridge. The hall and combination room have been admirably restored. The poet Gray belonged to this college, but migrated to Pembroke on account of an annoying practical joke played on him by the undergraduates. Archbishop Whitgift, Isaac Barrow (afterwards Master of Trinity), and Sir William Thomson were distinguished members.

QUEENS' COLLEGE was founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI., and re-founded in 1465 by Elizabeth Woodville, wife of Edward IV. Among the names of interest connected with this college, are those of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester and first president, Fuller the antiquary, and Erasmus, who occupied rooms in this college when he came to Cambridge by Fisher's invitation to teach Greek. His rooms are pointed out in the court which is called after him. The buildings are among the most interesting in Cambridge. They were begun in 1448, and 'have suffered less from modern meddling than in most of the colleges.' There are four courts, and the principal one is entered by a massive gateway with octagonal towers at the corners; there is also a square tower at each external angle of the court. The chapel has suffered at the hands of enemies and friends, but was carefully restored in 1861. There are interesting portraits in the hall, combination room, and president's lodge.

SELWYN COLLEGE, founded in 1882, was built by public subscription in memory of George Augustus Selwyn, late Bishop of Lichfield, and formerly Bishop of New Zealand. The aim of the college is to supply an economical university education, based upon the distinctive principles of the Church of England.

SIDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE was founded on the site of a suppressed religious house granted by Henry VIII. to Trinity. Lady Frances Sidney, widow of the Earl of Sussex, left money for the foundation of a college to be called by her name. Her executors obtained the site from Trinity, which still receives an annual rent from Sidney of £13, 6s. 8d. Oliver Cromwell entered at Sidney College, but left without taking a degree. The college possesses an admirable picture of him by Samuel Cooper, which it received in 1766 from an anonymous donor, afterwards ascertained to have been Mr Thomas Holles.

TRINITY COLLEGE is larger than any other in either Oxford or Cambridge. It was founded in 1546 by Henry VIII., and was formed by the union and extension of several earlier foundations occupying different parts of the site of the college. Amongst these may be mentioned: (1) Michael-house, founded in 1324 by Hervey de Stanton; (2) King's Hall, founded by Edward III. in 1337. Queen Mary added twenty scholarships and began the college chapel. Architecturally the college may be said to date in its present form from the mastership of Dr Thomas Neville (1593-1615). Neville completed the great court, rebuilt the hall, began the court which now bears his name, and erected the fountain in the great court. The library was begun in 1676, after the designs of Sir Christopher Wren. It is of remarkably fine proportions, and contains a very valuable collection of books and manuscripts. During the present century the chief additions have been the New Court (finished in 1825), and Whewell's Courts, which were completed in 1868, and form a splendid monument of Dr Whewell's munificence towards his college. Whewell's buildings, however, in consequence of the form of the site, are somewhat cramped for architectural effect. The interior of the chapel, which till recently was bare and unattractive, has been elaborately restored and decorated (1870-75). The grounds and gardens are of great beauty, especially the fellows' garden and bowling-green.

The Crown appoints the master, and also possesses apartments in the master's lodge which are occupied by Her Majesty's judges when on circuit. The college has produced a long series of eminent men, who are commemorated by fine statues and busts in the antechapel and library, and by some pictures, mostly very bad, in the hall. The following may be mentioned: Lord Bacon, Sir Edward Coke, Cowley the poet, Lord William Russell, John Dryden, Sir Isaac Newton (fine statue in antechapel by Roubilliac), Bentley, Porson, Lord Byron (fine statue by Thorwaldsen in library), Lord Macaulay (statue in antechapel), Sedgwick, Julius Hare, Lord Tennyson, Arthur Henry Hallam, Thackeray, W. H. Thompson, Lord Houghton, Lord Hartington, and Sir George Trevelyan.

It may be useful to explain that for boating purposes the college has been divided into three clubs—viz. First, Second, and Third Trinity. Second Trinity (now extinct) consisted of scholars and sizers. Third Trinity is confined to those who come from Eton and Westminster. First Trinity includes the remainder of the college.

TRINITY HALL was founded in 1350 by William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich (one of the three founders of Caius College), for the study of civil and canon law. The buildings are not very interesting, but the library has retained its old appearance, and contains a good collection of law-books. The gardens are very pretty. Bishop Gardiner, Lord Chesterfield, Bulwer Lytton, and Leslie Stephen were members.

Girton (q.v.) and Newnham (q.v.) Colleges for ladies are no part of the university.

For the most recent information about the university studies, &c., the Cambridge Calendar for the current year should be consulted; see also the Student's Guide to the University of Cambridge (5th ed. 1880). Dickens's Dictionary of Oxford and Cambridge gives much information in a convenient form; for athletics, college societies, &c., see the Cambridge Almanac. For all matters relating to the buildings of the university and the colleges, and for much general history, see Willis and Clark, The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge (4 vols. 1886); for the history, biography, and antiquity, see Fuller's History of Cambridge; Dyer; Caius; Le Keux's Memorials of Cambridge (3 vols. 1880); Cooper's Annals (1842); Cooper's Athenæ Cantabrigienses; Graduati Cantabrigienses; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge (1860); Ackermann's History of the University of Cambridge (1815); Huber's English Universities (trans. F. W. Newman, 1843); H. Gunning's Reminiscences of Cambridge from the Year 1780 (2 vols. 1854); W. Everett's On the Cam (1866); C. Wordsworth's Social Life at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century (1874); and Scholé Académice (1877); J. Bass Mullinger's The University of Cambridge to the Accession of Charles I. (2 vols. 1873-84).