Campanella, TOMMA'SO (properly Giovann Domenico), was born 5th September 1568, at Stilo in Calabria, and studied at Naples and Cosenza. He entered the Dominican order in his fifteenth year. The writings of Telesius first awakened his doubts respecting the 'scholastic philosophy.' The results of his first studies were given in his Philosophia Sensibus Demonstrata, &c. (Naples, 1591), which contained a defence of Telesius. His superiority in disputations exposed him to the hatred and false accusations of the orthodox monks and schoolmen. He was in consequence compelled to flee from Naples to Rome, and thence to Florence, Venice, Padua, and Bologna. He returned to Calabria in 1599, but being suspected of having involved himself in a political conspiracy, he was seized and confined in a Neapolitan dungeon for twenty-seven years; tried five times, and tortured seven; accused of heresy; and declared the author of a book which had been published thirty years before he was born. In 1626 Pope Urban VIII. had him brought to the prison of the Inquisition at Rome, and three years afterwards gave him his liberty and a yearly pension. After being again persecuted by the Spanish government, Campanella went to Paris, where he was graciously received by Louis XIII. and Richelieu. He died in the Dominican monastery of St Honoré, near Paris, 21st May 1639. More than 40 works on various subjects (several of which are lost) were written by Campanella during his imprisonment. His philosophical views were characteristic of the transition from the 16th to the 17th century. In his theory of perception, which starts from the external sense ('sensum solum sapere'), he is a forerunner of the empiric and sensualist school; in his doctrine of the inner sense (which is the condition of the outer) he finds his refuge from scepticism; and his conviction that we possess in our consciousness of self an impregnable certainty of our own existence points forward to Descartes and Leibnitz. His aim was to reconcile the theology of Aquinas with the natural philosophy of Telesius by means of his metaphysics; and to prove that all worldly powers should serve the Church, and all secular science be the handmaid of religion. His De Monarchia Hispanica Discursus is a work of great power and value, comprising a sketch of the political world of Campanella's time, with special reference to Spain. It was translated into English during Cromwell's Protectorate. Of his other works the most noteworthy are Astrologicorum, Libri VII. (1617); De Sensu Rerum et Magia
(1620); Philosophia Epilogistica Realis (1623); Universalis Philosophiae, Partes III. (1638); Philosophia Rationalis et Realis, Partes V. (1638); and Civitas Solis (1623), an imitation of Plato's Republic. A new edition of his complete works was published at Turin in 1854; and his Life has been written by Baldacchini (1847), Berti (1878), and Amabile (3 vols. 1882). His poems and sonnets, first published by his German disciple, Tobias Adami, in 1622, had been lost sight of, until, after a long search, they were rediscovered by J. G. Orelli, and by him republished in 1834. The Sonnets were translated into rhymed English by J. A. Symonds in 1878.