Humanitarians

Chambers's Encyclopaedia, Volume 5: Friday to Humanitarians, p. 828

Humanitarians, a name assigned to anti-Trinitarians, who regard Christ as a mere man, and refuse to ascribe to him any supernatural character, whether of origin or of nature (see UNITARIANS). The name Humanitarian is also sometimes applied to the disciples of St Simon, and in general to those who look to the perfectibility of human nature as their great moral and social dogma; also to those who, from over-philanthropy, object to severe measures, such as capital punishment, &c. For the religion of Humanity, see POSITIVISM.

END OF VOL. V.

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CHAMBERS'S
ENCYCLOPÆDIA

A DICTIONARY

OF

UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE

NEW EDITION

VOL. VI

HUMBER TO MALTA

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Decorative monogram logo for Chambers's Encyclopaedia, featuring the letters W & R inside a square frame, surrounded by a diamond-shaped border with ornate flourishes.

WILLIAM & ROBERT CHAMBERS, LIMITED
LONDON AND EDINBURGH

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA

1901

All Rights reserved

Q - REF

YK / CHA

The following Articles in this Volume are Copyrighted by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY in the United States of America :

IDAHO.

ILLINOIS.

INDIAN TERRITORY.

INDIANA.

IOWA.

IRVING, WASHINGTON.

JACKSON, ANDREW.

JEFFERSON, THOMAS.

JOHNSON, ANDREW.

KANSAS.

KENTUCKY.

LEE, ROBERT EDWARD.

LINCOLN, ABRAHAM.

LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH.

LOUISIANA.

LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL.

MAINE.

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Circular library stamp from the Wellman Library, Yale University.

Among the more important articles in this Volume are the following:

HUME, DAVID..... J. HILL BURTON. KEAN; KEMBLE..... ROBERT W. LOWE.
HUNGARY..... BARTHOLOMEW GUNSZT. KEATS..... F. T. PALGRAVE.
HUNT, LEIGH..... F. HINDES GROOME. KEBLE..... Rev. Prof. W. LOCK.
HUSBAND AND WIFE... THOMAS RALEIGH. KENT; LINCOLN..... J. C. GROOME.
HYDRODYNAMICS..... Professor CARGILL G. KNOTT. KENTUCKY..... Professor FRANK B. GREENE.
HYDROGEN..... Dr L. DOBBIN. KEPLER..... Rev. E. B. KIRK.
HYDROPHOBIA..... M. PASTEUR & Prof. J. A. THOMSON. KHIVA; KANDAHAR... Professor ARMINIUS VAMBÉRY.
HYGIENE..... Dr ANDREW WILSON. KINGSLEY..... ULICK BURKE.
HYMN..... Rev. JOHN JULIAN. KNOX..... P. HUME BROWN, LL.D.
HYPNOTISM..... Dr R. W. FELKIN. KORAN..... Rev. JOHN MILNE.
IBSEN; LESSING..... J. T. BEALBY. KUFIC COINS..... STANLEY LANE-POOLE.
ICELAND..... JÓN A. HJALTALÍN. LACE; LEATHER..... JAMES PATON.
IDAHO; INDIAN TER... JACQUES W. REDWAY. LAFONTAINE..... WALTER WHYTE.
IGNEOUS ROCKS, &c... Professor JAMES GEIKIE. LAKE-DWELLINGS..... JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D.
ILLEGITIMACY..... BENJAMIN TAYLOR. LAMB, CHARLES..... Canon AINGER.
ILLINOIS..... Colonel H. G. REEVES. LAMPS..... WILLIAM LOVE.
ILLUMINATION; INDEX. HENRY B. WHEATLEY. LANCASHIRE..... C. FAIRBAIRN.
ILLUSTRATION..... J. R. PAIRMAN. LAND LAWS..... J. BOYD-KINNENAR.
IMMIGRATION..... ARNOLD WHITE. LAÓ-TSZE..... Professor LEGGE.
INDEPENDENTS..... Rev. W. COOKE RUSSELL. LASSALLE..... THOMAS KIRKUP.
INDIA..... Sir RICHARD TEMPLE, G.C.S.I., D.C.L. LATIN; LUCRETIUS.... Rev. W. J. BRODRIBB.
INDIANA..... GEORGE J. LANODALE. LEAF..... Professor PATRICK GEDDES.
INDIAN OCEAN..... Sir JOHN MURRAY. LEE, GENERAL..... N. B. WEBSTER.
INDIA-RUBBER..... JOHN A. CLEUGH. LEEDS..... J. FENWICK.
INK..... ROBERT IRVINE. LEIGHTON; LETTERS... THOMAS DAVIDSON.
INSANITY..... Dr T. S. CLOUSTON. LEIPZIG..... FINDLAY MUIRHEAD.
INSCRIPTIONS..... Canon ISAAC TAYLOR. LEONARDO DA VINCI... J. M. GRAY.
INSECTS & I. PLANTS... Professor J. A. THOMSON. LE SAGE; LLORENTE... JOHN ORMSBY.
INSURANCE..... GEORGE KINO, F.S.A. LEYDEN, JOHN..... ROBERT COCHRANE.
INTERNATIONAL LAW.. JAMES M. IRVINE. LIBEL..... FRANCIS WATT.
IOWA..... F. W. HORSFIELD. LIBRARY..... T. G. LAW, LL.D.
IRELAND..... JUSTIN MC CARTHY, M.P.; Prof. MAC-KINNON; Prof. G. T. STOKES, D.D. LIFEBOAT..... C. DIBDIN (Sec. Lifeboat Inst.).
IRON..... W. MATTIEU WILLIAMS. LIGHT; LENSES..... Dr ALFRED DANIELL.
IRVING, WASHINGTON.. F. H. UNDERWOOD, LL.D. LIGHTHOUSE..... D. & T. STEVENSON.
ISAIAH..... Prof. GEORGE ADAM SMITH. LIGHTNING..... R. T. OMOND.
ISLAND; LATITUDE.... HUOH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc. LINCOLN, ABRAHAM... Professor J. P. LAMBERTON.
ISOCRATES; ISÆUS.... F. B. JEVONS. LION; LEOPARD..... F. E. BEDDARD, F.R.S.
ITALY (Geog. & Hist.). W. DUNDAS WALKER. LIQUOR LAWS..... Sir CHARLES WENTWORTH DILKE.
" (Literature).... Signora CANTAGALLI. LISZT..... COLIN STALKER.
JACKSON, ANDREW.... Professor J. P. LAMBERTON. LITHOGRAPHY..... J. R. PAIRMAN.
JAMES I..... JOHN RUSSELL. LITURGY; LITANY.... MARQUIS OF BUTE.
JAPAN..... Professor DIXON (Tôkyo). LIVER..... Professor HAYCRAFT and Dr LUNDIE.
JAVA..... E. METZGER. LIVERPOOL..... THOMAS ELLISON.
JEFFERSON, THOMAS... Professor N. B. WEBSTER. LIVINGSTONE..... Professor W. G. BLAIKIE, D.D.
JERROLD, DOUGLAS.... WALTER JERROLD. LLOYDS..... Col. HENRY MONTAGUE HOZIER.
JERUSALEM..... Sir WALTER BESANT. LOCKE..... Professor A. CAMPBELL FRASER.
JEST-BOOKS; JESTERS. W. A. CLOUSTON. LOGIC; LOTZE..... Professor PRINGLE-PATTISON.
JESUS CHRIST..... Dean FARRAR. LONDON..... Rev. W. J. LOFTIE.
JEWES..... EMM. DEUTSCH and ISIDORE HARRIS. LONDON UNIVERSITY.. T. LE M. DOUSE.
JOAN OF ARC; JULIAN. THOMAS DAVIDSON. LONGFELLOW; LOWELL. F. H. UNDERWOOD, LL.D.
JOE..... Rev. Professor A. B. DAVIDSON. LOUISIANA..... JOSEPH A. BREAUX.
JOHN'S GOSPEL..... Rev. J. SUTHERLAND BLACK. LUTHER..... Principal TULLOCH.
JOHNSON, ANDREW.... Hon. FREDERICK W. SEWARD. LYLY, JOHN..... A. H. BULLEN.
JOHNSON, SAMUEL.... Professor HALES. LYTTON, BULWER.... F. HINDES GROOME.
JUNIUS..... W. FRASER RAE. MACAULAY..... WILLIAM WALLACE.
JURY; LAW..... THOMAS RALEIGH. MACHIAVELLI..... Signora CANTAGALLI.
JUSTICE OF PEACE.... A. WOOD RENTON. MACHINE GUN..... Lieut.-Col. H. D. B. DUNLOP.
JUSTINIAN..... Professor HENRY GOUDY. MADAGASCAR..... Rev. JAMES SIEREE.
JUTE; LEAD; LINEN.. ALEXANDER GALLETLY. MADRAS..... Professor MICHIE SMITH.
JUVENAL; LUCAN.... Dr J. P. STEELE. MAGNETISM..... Dr ALFRED DANIELL.
KANSAS..... NOBLE L. PRENTIS. " TERRESTRIAL. Professor CARGILL G. KNOTT.
KANT..... JAMES HUTCHISON STIRLING, LL.D. MAINE..... Dr CHARLES W. GREENE.
MALAYS..... Professor A. H. KEANE.

The Publishers beg to tender their thanks, for revising the article 'Thomas à Kempis,' to the Rev. S. KETTELWELL; for 'Kindergarten,' to HERR K. FROEBEL; for 'Immaculate Conception,' 'Indulgence,' 'Infallibility,' 'Inquisition,' to His Eminence CARDINAL MANNING; for 'Iona,' to the DUKE of ARGYLL; for 'Edward Irving,' to Mrs OLIPHANT; for 'Italy,' to Signor LUIGI BODIO, Director-general of Italian Statistics; for 'Jamaica,' to Chief-justice Child, St Lucia; for 'Jesuits,' to the Very Rev. the GENERAL of the Order; for 'Leighton,' to the Rev. Dr Blair of Dunblane; as also to the Very Rev. the Deans of Lichfield and Lincoln, to Professor HUXLEY, and to the town-clerks of Inverness, Leicester, Macclesfield, and other towns.

MAPS FOR VOL. VI.

PAGE
INDIA.....98
IRELAND.....198
ITALY.....240
ITALIA ANTIQUA.....241
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An ornate woodcut-style illustration at the top of the title page. It features two figures in classical attire seated on a platform. The figure on the left is a man in a hat and robe, looking towards the center. The figure on the right is a woman in a flowing robe, holding a leafy branch. Between them is a globe on a stand, with a winged figure (possibly a cherub or eagle) above it. The background is filled with various plants and foliage, including a snake entwined in a staff on the right. The initials 'B' are visible in the bottom right corner of the illustration.

CHAMBERS'S
ENCYCLOPÆDIA

A DICTIONARY OF UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE

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