Richmond, (1) capital of Wayne county, Indiana, on the East Fork of Whitewater River, 69 miles by rail NNW. of Cincinnati, and 68 E. of Indianapolis. It was founded by the Society of Friends, who in 1859 established Earlham College here, for both sexes. There are manufactures of agricultural implements, machinery, boilers, flour, &c. Pop. (1880) 12,743; (1890) 16,608.—(2) Capital of Madison county, Kentucky, 120 miles by rail S. of Cincinnati. It is the seat of the Central University (Presbyterian; 1874) and the Madison Female Institute. Pop. (1890) 4737.
(3) The capital of Virginia, on the left bank of the James River (here crossed by a number of bridges), at the head of tide water, about 150 miles from its mouth, and 116 miles by rail S. of Washington. It is a port of entry, and vessels drawing 14 feet of water can come up to the lower end of the city, where there are large docks. Richmond is picturesque situated on a group of hills, the summit of one—Shockoe Hill—being occupied by the capitol (1796), which contains valuable colonial archives and portraits; it possesses also a marble statue of Washington by Houdon, and in its grounds are statues of Henry Clay and 'Stone-wall' Jackson, and the Washington monument, a noble bronze group by Thomas Crawford. Patrick Henry is buried in St John's churchyard, and President Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery, where also is a Confederate monument 90 feet high. Among other notable public buildings are the governor's mansion, the new city hall, custom-house and post-office, penitentiary, almshouse, and markets. In the city are Richmond College (Baptist; 1832) and the Virginia Medical College. The James River Falls here supply immense water-power, and in 1890 the city contained 783 manufacturing establishments, employing 21,618 hands, with a capital of $16,596,500. The chief of these are numerous tobacco-factories (employing 8792 people), great rolling-mills, iron-foundries, nail-works, machine- and locomotive-works, flour, meal-flour, and paper mills, and fertiliser-works. Five railways meet at Richmond, which is a terminus also of the James River and Kanawha Canal; and there are regular steamers to New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. The chief exports are cotton, flour, and tobacco. Richmond was founded in 1737, and became the capital in 1779. On 26th December 1811 the burning of a theatre destroyed the lives of sixty persons, including the governor of the state. In 1861 Richmond was selected as the Confederate capital, and from that period was the objective point of the Union armies in the east, and defended by General Lee with a large army and formidable lines of earthworks (which eventually extended for nearly 40 miles), until the seizure of the lines of supply by Generals Grant and Sheridan compelled its evacuation, after almost a year's siege and a series of sanguinary battles, on the night of April 2, 1865. A considerable portion of the city was burned by the retreating Confederates. But in the quarter of a century that followed Richmond recovered her old beauty, and more than her old prosperity and importance. In 1888 an 'agricultural, mechanical, and tobacco exposition' was held here. Pop. (1860) 37,910; (1870) 51,038; (1880) 63,600; (1890) 81,388. See the articles MCCLELLAN, GRANT, LEE, UNITED STATES.